msgid "What is Free Software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, " "Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that " "computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they " "use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "What is Free Software?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and " "community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the freedom to run, " "copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. Thus, " "“free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To " "understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in " "“free speech,” not as in “free beer.” We sometimes " "call it “libre software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word " "for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is " "gratis." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may have " "obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, " "you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">sell copies</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these " "freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program " "and what it does for them. When users don't control the program, we call it " "a “nonfree” or “proprietary” program. The nonfree " "program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this " "makes the program <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\"> an instrument " "of unjust power</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Open source” is something different: it has a very different " "philosophy based on different values. Its practical definition is different " "too, but nearly all open source programs are in fact free. We explain the " "difference in <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> Why " "“Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Table of contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#fs-definition\">The Free Software Definition</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#four-freedoms\">The four essential freedoms</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#selling\">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#clarifying\">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#run-the-program\">The freedom to run the program as you wish</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"#make-changes\">The freedom to study the source code and make " "changes</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"#redistribute\">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic " "requirements</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#copyleft\">Copyleft</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#packaging\">Rules about packaging and distribution details</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#exportcontrol\">Export regulations</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#legal-details\">Legal considerations</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#contracts\">Contract-based licenses</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#in-practice\">The Free Software Definition in Practice</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#interpretation\">How we interpret these criteria</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#get-help\">Get help with free licenses</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"#terminology\">Use the right words when talking about free " "software</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#beyond-software\">Beyond Software</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#History\">History</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? See our " "other <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/licensing\">licensing resources</a>, and " "if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab at <a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@fsf.org\">licensing@fsf.org</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The Free Software Definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular " "software program qualifies as free software. From time to time we revise " "this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions about subtle issues. " "See the <a href=\"#History\">History section</a> below for a list of changes " "that affect the definition of free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The four essential freedoms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential " "freedoms: <a href=\"#f1\">[1]</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your " "computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a " "precondition for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others " "(freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to " "benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for " "this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these " "freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various " "nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of being " "free, we consider them all equally unethical." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code we plan to " "make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance, consider a " "program A which automatically launches a program B to handle some cases. If " "we plan to distribute A as it stands, that implies users will need B, so we " "need to judge whether both A and B are free. However, if we plan to modify " "A so that it doesn't use B, only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to " "that plan." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Free software <em>can</em> be commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” On " "the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use, " "commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is of " "fundamental importance—without this, free software could not achieve " "its aims." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses and " "their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope that free " "replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary programs, but they " "can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use them. We want commercial " "products that contain software to include the GNU system, and that would " "constitute commercial distribution for a price. Commercial development of " "free software is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very " "important. Paid, professional support for free software fills an important " "need." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial " "distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its path " "to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such restrictions " "does not qualify as free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that " "obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the " "conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous " "distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some users, " "or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise them, is " "tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus renders the " "program nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the various " "freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a program to be " "free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The freedom to run the program as you wish" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person or " "organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of " "overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it with " "the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the " "<em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> purpose; " "you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, and if you " "distribute it to other people, they are then free to run it for their " "purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not forbidden " "or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what " "functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of " "functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any " "particular computing activity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful " "inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the program " "less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not deny users the " "freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict with freedom 0. If the " "program is free, the users can overcome the loss of usefulness, because " "freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and communities to make and distribute " "modified versions without the arbitrary nuisance code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at all” if " "that is what you wish. So there is no need for a separate “freedom " "not to run a program.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The freedom to study the source code and make changes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the freedom " "to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have access " "to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code " "is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source " "code” is not real source code and does not count as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making " "changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop the program " "is the source code of that developer's version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the " "original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone " "else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a practice known as " "“tivoization” or “lockdown,” or (in its " "practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure " "boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a " "practical reality. These binaries are not free software even if the source " "code they are compiled from is free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free " "subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you cannot " "merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it " "requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the " "license is too restrictive to qualify as free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. If your " "right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that someone " "else considers an improvement, that program is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it returns " "after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program. Thus, freedom 1 " "includes the “freedom to delete the program.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to redistribute " "copies, either with or without modifications, either gratis or charging a " "fee for distribution, to <a href=\"#exportcontrol\">anyone anywhere</a>. " "Being free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not " "have to ask or pay for permission to do so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them " "privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they " "exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to notify " "anyone in particular, or in any particular way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free " "software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in " "other words, it does not have to be a <a " "href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> license. However, a license " "that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms " "of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified " "versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary for " "conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no " "way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some " "languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to " "redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Copyleft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free software are " "acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central freedoms. For " "example, <a href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> (very simply " "stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, you cannot add " "restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. This rule does not " "conflict with the central freedoms; rather it protects them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms legally for " "everyone. We believe there are important reasons why <a " "href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">it is better to use copyleft</a>. " "However, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> " "noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical too. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free Software</a> for a " "description of how “free software,” “copylefted " "software” and other categories of software relate to each other." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Rules about packaging and distribution details" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they don't " "substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or your " "freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is acceptable " "for the license to require that you change the name of the modified version, " "remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours. As long as these " "requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively hamper you from " "releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other " "changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must " "make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same " "condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you " "have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy " "of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the " "choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require " "release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public " "use are also acceptable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by which " "the program will be invoked from other programs. That effectively hampers " "you from releasing your changed version so that it can replace the original " "when invoked by those other programs. This sort of requirement is " "acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing facility that allows you to " "specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Export regulations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sometimes government export control regulations and trade sanctions can " "constrain your freedom to distribute copies of programs internationally. " "Software developers do not have the power to eliminate or override these " "restrictions, but what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as " "conditions of use of the program. In this way, the restrictions will not " "affect activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these " "governments. Thus, free software licenses must not require obedience to any " "nontrivial export regulations as a condition of exercising any of the " "essential freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making them a " "condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does not restrict " "users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for free software, then " "requiring it as a condition is not an actual problem; however, it is a " "potential problem, since a later change in export law could make the " "requirement nontrivial and thus render the software nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Legal considerations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and " "irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the " "software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add " "restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, " "the software is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free license may not require compliance with the license of a nonfree " "program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to comply with the " "licenses of “all the programs you use,” in the case of a user " "that runs nonfree programs this would require compliance with the licenses " "of those nonfree programs; that makes the license nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's law " "applies, or where litigation must be done, or both." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Contract-based licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on " "what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a " "copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it is " "unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated " "(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software " "licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger " "range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways " "such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a contract-based " "license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses " "cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think " "about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The Free Software Definition in Practice" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "How we interpret these criteria" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software definition " "require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide whether a " "specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we judge it " "based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their spirit as well as " "the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable restrictions, we " "reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue in these criteria. " "Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive " "thought, including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the " "requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new issue, we " "often update these criteria to make it easier to see why certain licenses do " "or don't qualify." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Get help with free licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free " "software license, see our <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">list of " "licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not listed there, " "you can ask us about it by sending us email at <a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@gnu.org\"><licensing@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the Free " "Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The proliferation of " "different free software licenses means increased work for users in " "understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing free " "software license that meets your needs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our help you " "can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid " "various practical problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Use the right words when talking about free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like " "“give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply " "that the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as " "“piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">Confusing Words and Phrases that " "are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have a list " "of proper <a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\">translations of " "“free software”</a> into various languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another group uses the term “open source” to mean something " "close (but not identical) to “free software.” We prefer the term " "“free software” because, once you have heard that it refers to " "freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The word " "“open” never refers to freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Beyond Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Software manuals must be free</a>, for " "the same reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in " "effect part of the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical " "use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as " "educational works and reference works. <a " "href=\"https://wikipedia.org\">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software " "has been extended to a definition of <a href=\"http://freedomdefined.org/\"> " "free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "History" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is the list " "of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what was changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.168&r2=1.169\">Version " "1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply to " "commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the freedom not to " "run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there is no need to state " "those as separate requirements." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.164&r2=1.165\">Version " "1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not negate " "freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153\">Version " "1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops you " "from making it run." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141\">Version " "1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135\">Version " "1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as " "you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134\">Version " "1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131\">Version " "1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license " "of another program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129\">Version " "1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum " "specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122\">Version " "1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the " "requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118\">Version " "1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, not " "on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited to " "“improvements”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111\">Version " "1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive " "<em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always " "grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the work by releasing the " "work in another way in parallel." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105\">Version " "1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already " "stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version " "for your computing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92\">Version " "1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90\">Version " "1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of " "your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone " "else's development project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89\">Version " "1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80\">Version " "1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no " "tivoization." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77\">Version " "1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are " "unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74\">Version " "1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in " "some places but not reflected everywhere:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "“Improvements” does not mean the license can substantively limit " "what kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes " "distributing modified versions, not just changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "The right to merge in existing modules refers to those that are suitably " "licensed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57\">Version " "1.57</a>: Add “Beyond Software” section." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46\">Version " "1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the " "program for any purpose." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41\">Version " "1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40\">Version " "1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available " "free software to create your modifications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39\">Version " "1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide " "source for versions of the software you put into public use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31\">Version " "1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to " "identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor " "clarifications throughout the text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23\">Version " "1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16\">Version " "1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11\">Version " "1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of " "versions you distribute to previous developers on request." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are other " "changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its " "interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in asides, " "formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. You can " "review the complete list of changes to the page through the <a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log\">cvsweb " "interface</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around 1990 there " "were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that the freedom " "to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly. It was clearly more " "basic than the other three, so it properly should precede them. Rather than " "renumber the others, we made it freedom 0." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Free Software " "Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: free-sw.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-01-01 05:26+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "What is Free Software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, " "Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that " "computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they " "use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "What is Free Software?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and " "community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the freedom to run, " "copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. Thus, " "“free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To " "understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in " "“free speech,” not as in “free beer.” We sometimes " "call it “libre software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word " "for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is " "gratis." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may have " "obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, " "you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">sell copies</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these " "freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program " "and what it does for them. When users don't control the program, we call it " "a “nonfree” or “proprietary” program. The nonfree " "program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this " "makes the program <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\"> an instrument " "of unjust power</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Open source” is something different: it has a very different " "philosophy based on different values. Its practical definition is different " "too, but nearly all open source programs are in fact free. We explain the " "difference in <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> Why " "“Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><h3> msgid "Table of contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#fs-definition\">The Free Software Definition</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#four-freedoms\">The four essential freedoms</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#selling\">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#clarifying\">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#run-the-program\">The freedom to run the program as you wish</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"#make-changes\">The freedom to study the source code and make " "changes</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"#redistribute\">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic " "requirements</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#copyleft\">Copyleft</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#packaging\">Rules about packaging and distribution details</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#exportcontrol\">Export regulations</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#legal-details\">Legal considerations</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#contracts\">Contract-based licenses</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#in-practice\">The Free Software Definition in Practice</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#interpretation\">How we interpret these criteria</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#get-help\">Get help with free licenses</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"#terminology\">Use the right words when talking about free " "software</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#beyond-software\">Beyond Software</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><ul><li> msgid "<a href=\"#History\">History</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? See our " "other <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/licensing\">licensing resources</a>, and " "if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab at <a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@fsf.org\">licensing@fsf.org</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The Free Software Definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular " "software program qualifies as free software. From time to time we revise " "this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions about subtle issues. " "See the <a href=\"#History\">History section</a> below for a list of changes " "that affect the definition of free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The four essential freedoms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential " "freedoms: <a href=\"#f1\">[1]</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your " "computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a " "precondition for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others " "(freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to " "benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for " "this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these " "freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various " "nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of being " "free, we consider them all equally unethical." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code we plan to " "make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance, consider a " "program A which automatically launches a program B to handle some cases. If " "we plan to distribute A as it stands, that implies users will need B, so we " "need to judge whether both A and B are free. However, if we plan to modify " "A so that it doesn't use B, only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to " "that plan." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Free software <em>can</em> be commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” On " "the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use, " "commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is of " "fundamental importance—without this, free software could not achieve " "its aims." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses and " "their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope that free " "replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary programs, but they " "can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use them. We want commercial " "products that contain software to include the GNU system, and that would " "constitute commercial distribution for a price. Commercial development of " "free software is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very " "important. Paid, professional support for free software fills an important " "need." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial " "distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its path " "to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such restrictions " "does not qualify as free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that " "obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the " "conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous " "distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some users, " "or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise them, is " "tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus renders the " "program nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the various " "freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a program to be " "free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The freedom to run the program as you wish" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person or " "organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of " "overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it with " "the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the " "<em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> purpose; " "you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, and if you " "distribute it to other people, they are then free to run it for their " "purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not forbidden " "or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what " "functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of " "functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any " "particular computing activity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful " "inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the program " "less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not deny users the " "freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict with freedom 0. If the " "program is free, the users can overcome the loss of usefulness, because " "freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and communities to make and distribute " "modified versions without the arbitrary nuisance code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at all” if " "that is what you wish. So there is no need for a separate “freedom " "not to run a program.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The freedom to study the source code and make changes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the freedom " "to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have access " "to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code " "is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source " "code” is not real source code and does not count as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making " "changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop the program " "is the source code of that developer's version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the " "original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone " "else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a practice known as " "“tivoization” or “lockdown,” or (in its " "practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure " "boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a " "practical reality. These binaries are not free software even if the source " "code they are compiled from is free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free " "subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you cannot " "merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it " "requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the " "license is too restrictive to qualify as free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. If your " "right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that someone " "else considers an improvement, that program is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it returns " "after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program. Thus, freedom 1 " "includes the “freedom to delete the program.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to redistribute " "copies, either with or without modifications, either gratis or charging a " "fee for distribution, to <a href=\"#exportcontrol\">anyone anywhere</a>. " "Being free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not " "have to ask or pay for permission to do so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them " "privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they " "exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to notify " "anyone in particular, or in any particular way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free " "software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in " "other words, it does not have to be a <a " "href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> license. However, a license " "that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms " "of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified " "versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary for " "conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no " "way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some " "languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to " "redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Copyleft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free software are " "acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central freedoms. For " "example, <a href=\"/licenses/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> (very simply " "stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, you cannot add " "restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. This rule does not " "conflict with the central freedoms; rather it protects them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms legally for " "everyone. We believe there are important reasons why <a " "href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">it is better to use copyleft</a>. " "However, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\"> " "noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical too. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free Software</a> for a " "description of how “free software,” “copylefted " "software” and other categories of software relate to each other." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Rules about packaging and distribution details" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they don't " "substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or your " "freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is acceptable " "for the license to require that you change the name of the modified version, " "remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours. As long as these " "requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively hamper you from " "releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other " "changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must " "make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same " "condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you " "have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy " "of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the " "choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require " "release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public " "use are also acceptable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by which " "the program will be invoked from other programs. That effectively hampers " "you from releasing your changed version so that it can replace the original " "when invoked by those other programs. This sort of requirement is " "acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing facility that allows you to " "specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Export regulations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Sometimes government export control regulations and trade sanctions can " "constrain your freedom to distribute copies of programs internationally. " "Software developers do not have the power to eliminate or override these " "restrictions, but what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as " "conditions of use of the program. In this way, the restrictions will not " "affect activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these " "governments. Thus, free software licenses must not require obedience to any " "nontrivial export regulations as a condition of exercising any of the " "essential freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making them a " "condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does not restrict " "users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for free software, then " "requiring it as a condition is not an actual problem; however, it is a " "potential problem, since a later change in export law could make the " "requirement nontrivial and thus render the software nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Legal considerations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and " "irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the " "software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add " "restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, " "the software is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free license may not require compliance with the license of a nonfree " "program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to comply with the " "licenses of “all the programs you use,” in the case of a user " "that runs nonfree programs this would require compliance with the licenses " "of those nonfree programs; that makes the license nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's law " "applies, or where litigation must be done, or both." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Contract-based licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on " "what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a " "copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it is " "unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated " "(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software " "licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger " "range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways " "such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a contract-based " "license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses " "cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think " "about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "The Free Software Definition in Practice" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "How we interpret these criteria" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software definition " "require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide whether a " "specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we judge it " "based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their spirit as well as " "the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable restrictions, we " "reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue in these criteria. " "Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive " "thought, including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the " "requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new issue, we " "often update these criteria to make it easier to see why certain licenses do " "or don't qualify." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Get help with free licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free " "software license, see our <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">list of " "licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not listed there, " "you can ask us about it by sending us email at <a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@gnu.org\"><licensing@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the Free " "Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The proliferation of " "different free software licenses means increased work for users in " "understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing free " "software license that meets your needs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our help you " "can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid " "various practical problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h4> msgid "Use the right words when talking about free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like " "“give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply " "that the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as " "“piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">Confusing Words and Phrases that " "are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have a list " "of proper <a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\">translations of " "“free software”</a> into various languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Another group uses the term “open source” to mean something " "close (but not identical) to “free software.” We prefer the term " "“free software” because, once you have heard that it refers to " "freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The word " "“open” never refers to freedom." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Beyond Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Software manuals must be free</a>, for " "the same reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in " "effect part of the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical " "use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as " "educational works and reference works. <a " "href=\"https://wikipedia.org\">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software " "has been extended to a definition of <a href=\"http://freedomdefined.org/\"> " "free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "History" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is the list " "of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what was changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.168&r2=1.169\">Version " "1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply to " "commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the freedom not to " "run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there is no need to state " "those as separate requirements." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.164&r2=1.165\">Version " "1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not negate " "freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153\">Version " "1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops you " "from making it run." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141\">Version " "1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135\">Version " "1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as " "you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134\">Version " "1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131\">Version " "1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license " "of another program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129\">Version " "1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum " "specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122\">Version " "1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the " "requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118\">Version " "1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, not " "on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited to " "“improvements”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111\">Version " "1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive " "<em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always " "grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the work by releasing the " "work in another way in parallel." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105\">Version " "1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already " "stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version " "for your computing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92\">Version " "1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90\">Version " "1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of " "your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone " "else's development project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89\">Version " "1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80\">Version " "1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no " "tivoization." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77\">Version " "1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are " "unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74\">Version " "1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in " "some places but not reflected everywhere:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "“Improvements” does not mean the license can substantively limit " "what kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes " "distributing modified versions, not just changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "The right to merge in existing modules refers to those that are suitably " "licensed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57\">Version " "1.57</a>: Add “Beyond Software” section." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46\">Version " "1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the " "program for any purpose." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41\">Version " "1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40\">Version " "1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available " "free software to create your modifications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39\">Version " "1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide " "source for versions of the software you put into public use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31\">Version " "1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to " "identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor " "clarifications throughout the text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23\">Version " "1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16\">Version " "1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11\">Version " "1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of " "versions you distribute to previous developers on request." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are other " "changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its " "interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in asides, " "formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. You can " "review the complete list of changes to the page through the <a " "href=\"//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log\">cvsweb " "interface</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Footnote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li> msgid "" "The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around 1990 there " "were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that the freedom " "to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly. It was clearly more " "basic than the other three, so it properly should precede them. Rather than " "renumber the others, we made it freedom 0." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Free Software " "Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""