初始公告
這是 GNU 專案的原始公告,由 Richard Stallman 於 1983 年 9 月 27 日發布。
GNU 專案的實際歷史與最初的計畫在許多方面有所不同。例如,開始時間延遲到 1984 年 1 月。自由軟體的幾個哲學概念直到幾年後才 Clarified(釐清)。
自由 Unix!
從今年感恩節開始,我將編寫一個完整的 Unix 相容軟體系統,名為 GNU(代表 Gnu's Not Unix),並將其免費 [1] 提供給所有可以使用它的人。非常需要時間、金錢、程式和設備的捐助。
首先,GNU 將是一個核心,加上編寫和執行 C 程式所需的所有工具:編輯器、shell、C 編譯器、連結器、組譯器以及其他一些東西。在此之後,我們將添加文字格式器、YACC、帝國遊戲、試算表和數百種其他東西。我們希望最終提供通常 Unix 系統附帶的所有有用東西,以及任何其他有用的東西,包括線上和硬拷貝文件。
GNU 將能夠執行 Unix 程式,但不會與 Unix 完全相同。我們將根據我們在其他作業系統上的經驗,進行所有方便的改進。特別是,我們計畫擁有更長的檔名、檔案版本號、防崩潰檔案系統、可能有的檔名完成功能、獨立於終端的顯示支援,以及最終透過它可以讓多個 Lisp 程式和普通 Unix 程式共享螢幕的基於 Lisp 的視窗系統。C 和 Lisp 都將作為系統程式語言提供。我們將擁有基於 MIT chaosnet 協定的網路軟體,遠優於 UUCP。我們也可能擁有與 UUCP 相容的東西。
我是誰?
我是 Richard Stallman,最初被廣泛模仿的 EMACS 編輯器的發明者,目前在 MIT 人工智慧實驗室工作。我曾廣泛研究編譯器、編輯器、除錯器、命令直譯器、不相容分時系統和 Lisp 機器作業系統。我在 ITS 中率先實現了獨立於終端的顯示支援。此外,我還為 Lisp 機器實作了一個防崩潰檔案系統和兩個視窗系統。
我為何必須編寫 GNU
我認為黃金法則要求如果我喜歡一個程式,我必須與其他喜歡它的人分享。我不能昧著良心簽署保密協定或軟體授權協議。
為了讓我能夠繼續使用電腦而不違反我的原則,我已決定彙集足夠多的自由軟體,以便我能夠在沒有任何非自由軟體的情況下生活。
您如何貢獻
我正在向電腦製造商請求捐贈機器和資金。我正在向個人請求捐贈程式和工作。
一家電腦製造商已經表示願意提供一台機器。但我們可以使用更多。如果您捐贈機器,您可以預期的一個結果是 GNU 將在早期在它們上執行。機器最好能夠在住宅區運作,並且不需要複雜的冷卻或電力。
個人程式設計師可以透過編寫與 Unix 實用程式相容的副本並將其提供給我來做出貢獻。對於大多數專案,這種兼職分散式工作將非常難以協調;獨立編寫的部分將無法協同工作。但對於替換 Unix 的特定任務,這個問題並不存在。大多數介面規範都由 Unix 相容性固定。如果每個貢獻都與 Unix 的其餘部分一起工作,那麼它也可能與 GNU 的其餘部分一起工作。
如果我收到資金捐款,我或許可以聘請一些全職或兼職人員。薪水不會很高,但我正在尋找那些認為幫助人類與金錢同等重要的人。我認為這是一種使專注的人能夠將全部精力投入到 GNU 工作中的方法,從而免除他們以其他方式謀生的需要。
如需更多資訊,請聯絡我。
Arpanet 郵件RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA Usenet
...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ 美國郵寄
Richard Stallman
166 Prospect St
Cambridge, MA 02139
原始訊息
為了完整起見,此處重現原始電子郵件,以其原始形式呈現。
From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft Subject: new Unix implementation Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA Free Unix! Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free [1] to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including on-line and hardcopy documentation. GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP. Who Am I? I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for Lisp machines. Why I Must Write GNU I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. How You Can Contribute I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work. One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require sophisticated cooling or power. Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work with the rest of GNU. If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way. For more information, contact me. Arpanet mail: RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA Usenet: ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ US Snail: Richard Stallman 166 Prospect St Cambridge, MA 02139
註腳
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此處的措辭很粗心。本意是任何人都不必為使用 GNU 系統的許可付費。但這些文字並未明確說明這一點,人們常常將其解釋為 GNU 的副本應始終以少量或免費方式發行。這從來都不是本意。隨後,我學會仔細區分自由意義上的「自由」和價格意義上的「免費」。自由軟體是使用者有自由發行和變更的軟體。有些使用者可以免費獲得副本,而另一些使用者則付費獲得副本——如果這些資金有助於改進軟體,那就更好了。重要的是,每個擁有副本的人都有與他人合作使用它的自由。
「贈送」這個表達方式是另一個表明我尚未清楚地區分價格問題和自由問題的跡象。我們現在建議在談論自由軟體時避免使用這種表達方式。請參閱「混淆的詞語和短語」以獲得更多解釋。